- Organization of the peripheral nervous system
- Neurons
- Schwann cells
- Classification of nerve fibers
- Myelinated nerve fibers
- Unmyelinated nerve fibers
- Connective tissue investments of peripheral nerves
- Epineurium
- Perineurium
- Endoneurium
- The central-peripheral transition region
- Vascular supply of peripheral nerves
- Age-related changes in peripheral nerves
- Response of peripheral nerves to injury
- Anatomy of Peripheral Nerves
- Connective Tissue
- Communication Between the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous Systems
- Spinal Nerves
- Dermatomes, Myotomes, and Osteotomes
- Thoracic and Abdominal Wall
- Nerve Plexuses
- The Cervical Plexus
- The Brachial Plexus
- The Lumbar Plexus
- The Sacral Plexus
- Innervation of the Major Joints
- Shoulder Joint
- Elbow Joint
- Hip Joint
- Knee Joint
- Wrist and Hand
- Ankle and Foot
- Autonomic Component of Spinal Nerves
- Suggested Readings
- Nerve Conduction
- Mechanism of Action of Local Anesthetics
- Structure-Related Clinical Properties of Local Anesthetics
- Pharmacological Properties of Local Anesthetics
- Site of Injection
- Nerve Factors: Anatomical Characteristics of Nerve Fibers
- Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers to Local Anesthetics
- Types of Local Anesthetics
- Ester-Linked Local Anesthetics
- 2-Chloroprocaine
- Cocaine
- Procaine
- Tetracaine
- Amide-Linked Local Anesthetics
- Lidocaine
- Mepivacaine
- Prilocaine
- Bupivacaine
- Levobupivacaine
- Ropivacaine
- Additives to Local Anesthetics
- Vasoconstrictors
- Opioids
- Clonidine
- Dexmedetomidine
- Dexamethasone
- Other Adjuvants
- Selecting Local Anesthetics for Peripheral Nerve Blocks
- Mixing Local Anesthetics
- Extended-Release Formulations of Local Anesthetics
- Suggested Reading
- Induction and Block Room
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Monitoring During Application of Regional Anesthesia
- Regional Anesthesia Equipment Storage Cart
- Peripheral Nerve Block Trays
- Nerve Block Needles
- Needle Gauge
- “Echogenic” Needles and Tip Tracking Systems
- Ultrasound Machines
- Sterility
- Transducer Covers and Gel
- Injection Pressure Monitoring
- Continuous Nerve Catheters
- Securing Perineural Catheters
- Infusion Pumps
- Nerve Stimulators
- Triple monitoring
- Suggested Readings
- Infection prevention in regional anesthesia
- Recommendations for infection control practice during LRA procedures
- Semi-critical procedures including ultrasound-guided vascular access and Regional Anesthesia (RA)
- Practically implementable hygienic recommendations for ultrasound-guided RA and vascular access procedures
- Suggested reading
- Basics of Electrical Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
- Ohm’s Law
- Impedance and Constant-Current Source
- Coulomb’s Law, Electric Field, and Current Density
- How Nerve Stimulation Works
- Threshold Level, Rheobase, and Chronaxie
- Needle-to-Nerve Distance
- The Role of Nerve Stimulation in Conjunction with Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks
- Limitations of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
- Nerve Stimulation and Interference with Pacemakers and Defibrillators
- Stimulating Needles
- Clinical Use of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
- Basic Settings and Implications
- Electrode Localization
- Using Peripheral Nerve Stimulation as a Localization Tool Without Ultrasound Guidance ADD IMAGES
- Troubleshooting
- Suggested Readings
- Appendix: Glossary of Physical Parameters
- Barriers to Recognition of Postoperative Neurologic Injuri
- Barriers to Neurologic Evaluation of a Postoperativw Neurologic Complication
- Mechanisms of Injury
- Neuraxial Complications
- Treatment and Prognosis of Neurologic Complications of Neuraxial Procedures
- Peripheral Nerve Injury
- Postsurgical Inflammatory Neuropathies
- The Role of Electrophysiology in Evaluating Postoperative Nerve Injuries
- Conclusion
- References
- Mechanisms of LAST
- Special Populations and the Risk of Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity
- Newborns
- Elderly Patients
- Renal Disease
- Liver Disease
- Heart Failure
- Pregnancy
- Symptoms and Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Limiting Intravascular Injection and Systemic Uptake
- Management
- Specific Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
- Lipid Therapy: Mechanism
- Allergy to Local Anesthetics
- Symptoms and Diagnosis
- Management
- Suggested Readings
- Trigeminal Nerve
- Superficial Trigeminal Nerve Blocks
- Block of the Frontal Nerve (Supraorbital and Supratrochlear Branches)
- Block of the Infraorbital Nerve
- Block of the Mental Nerve
- Ultrasound-Guided Technique for Superficial Trigeminal Nerve Blocks
- The Maxillary Nerve Block
- The Mandibular Nerve Block
- Regional Block of the Nose
- Regional Blocks of the External Ear
- Greater Occipital Nerve Block
- Scalp Block
- Conclusion
- References
- Introduction
- Sensory Innervation of the Airway
- Topical Anesthesia
- Application Techniques
- Regional Anesthesia Techniques
- Landmark Technique Glossopharyngeal Nerve Block
- Ultrasound-Guided Techniques
- Sedation Techniques
- Preferred Technique for Performing an Awake Fiber-Optic Intubation
- Summary
- Recommended Readings
- Indications & Quick facts
- Anatomy
- Sensory & motor block
- Key surgical considerations
- Technique: Sub-tenon's eye block
- Technique: Retrobulbar eye block
- Technique: Peribulbar eye block
- Technique: Topical anesthesia
- Technique: Subconjunctival anesthesia
- Technique: Oculoplastic blocks
- Local anesthetic choice
- Complications
- Tips
- Indications & Quick facts
- Anatomy
- Mechanism of action
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacodynamics
- Indications
- Indications - Lumbar epidural anesthesia
- Indications - Thoracic epidural anesthesia
- Indications - Uncommon medical disorders and clinical scenarios
- Contraindications
- Technique - Thoracic and Lumbar Epidural Block
- Technique - Cervical Epidural Blockade
- Local Anesthetic Choice and Dosing
- Problem-solving
- Complications and common side effects
- Introduction
- Clinical applications of CSE
- Advantages of CSE
- Epidural Volume Extension: A Modification of the CSE
- Sequential CSE
- CSE for High-Risk Patients
- Functional Anatomy Related to CSE
- Technique
- Needle-Through-Needle Technique
- Separate Needle Technique
- Comparison of Techniques
- Techniques to Improve the Success and Safety of CSE
- Drugs for CSE
- Complications and Concerns of the CSE Technique
- Complications Associated With Spinal Migration of the Epidural Catheter or Intrathecal Administration of Epidural Drugs
- Hypotension
- Neurological Injury
- Postdural Puncture Headache
- Complications Related to Labor Analgesia
- Equipment
- Controversial Topics in CSE Technique
- Summary
- References
- Introduction
- Anatomic Considerations
- Indications for Caudal Epidural Block
- Technique of Caudal Epidural Block
- Ultrasound-Guided Caudal Block
- Characteristics of Caudal Epidural Block in Adults
- Caudal Block for Labor Analgesia
- Indications for Caudal Epidural Analgesia in Children
- Applications of Caudal Epidural Block in Acute and Chronic Pain Management
- Complications Associated With Caudal Epidural Block
- Summary
- References
- Anatomy and Physiological Implications
- Local Anesthetics for Epidural Anesthesia in Children
- Adjuvants for Epidural Anesthesia in Children
- Complications Associated with Epidural Anesthesia
- Epidural Block for Pediatric Surgery: Techniques
- Aspiration and Test Dose
- Radiographic Methods
- Epidural Stimulation Test (Tsui Test) and Epidural ECG Technique
- Ultrasound-Guided Techniques
- Epidural Approaches
- Caudal Epidural Analgesia: Single-Injection Technique
- Choice of Needle for Caudal Analgesia
- Technique for Performing a Single-Injection Caudal Epidural Block
- Confirmation of Correct Local Anesthetic Distribution
- Caudal Epidural Analgesia: Continuous Technique
- Lumbar Epidural Anesthesia
- Lumbar-to-Thoracic Epidural Approach
- Thoracic Epidural Analgesia
- Thoracic Epidural Analgesia: Midline Approach
- Postoperative Epidural Infusion Management
- References
- Introduction
- History and Current Relevance
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation and Characteristics
- Onset
- Presentation
- Associated Symptoms
- Risk Factors
- Patient Characteristics
- Procedural Details
- Prevention
- General Measures
- Spinal Technique
- Epidural Technique
- Measures to Reduce the Risk of PDPH After ADP
- Stylet Replacement
- Subarachnoid Saline
- Intravenous Cosyntropin
- Limiting/Avoiding Pushing
- Intrathecal Catheters
- Epidural Salene
- Epidural Opiates
- Prophylactic Epidural Blood Patch
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Treatment
- Time
- Supportive Measures
- Pharmacologic Therapies
- Epidural Therapies
- Epidural Saline
- Epidural Blood Patch
- Alternative Treatment Options to EBP
- Persistent or Recurrent PDPH
- When to Seek Further Consultation
- Summary
- References
- The Concept of Local Infiltration Analgesia
- Evidence-based Information on Efficacy and Safety of Local Infiltration Analgesia
- Potential and Documented Pros and Cons of Local Infiltration Analgesia and Alternatives
- Local infiltration analgesia for hip arthroplasty
- Local infiltration analgesia for knee arthroplasty
- LIA in total knee arthroplasty
- LIA in total hip arthroplasty
- References
- Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy
- Changes in the Cardiovascular System
- Changes in the Respiratory System
- Metabolic Changes
- Changes in the Gastrointestinal System
- Endocrine Changes Influencing Plasma Volume, Blood Composition, and Glucose Metabolism
- Altered Drug Responses in Pregnancy
- Placental Transfer of Local Anesthetics
- Risk of Drug Exposure: Fetus Versus Newborn
- Anesthesia for Labor and Vaginal Delivery
- Systemic Analgesia
- Regional Analgesia Techniques
- Epidural Analgesia
- Spinal Analgesia
- Combined Spinal–Epidural Analgesia
- Paracervical Block
- Paravertebral Lumbar Sympathetic Block
- Pudendal Nerve Block
- Anesthesia for Cesarean Section Delivery
- Advantages of Regional Anesthesia in the Obstetric Patient
- Spinal Anesthesia
- Lumbar Epidural Anesthesia
- Local Anesthetic Choices
- Anesthetic Complications
- Regional Anesthesia in Complicated Pregnancy
- Preeclampsia-Eclampsia
- Antepartum Hemorrhage
- Preterm Delivery
- Nonobstetric Surgery in the Pregnant Woman
- Summary
- References
- The Cardiovascular Effects Of Regional Anesthesia
- Lumbar Epidural Anesthesia
- Intrathecal Anesthesia
- Thoracic Blocks (Paravertebral and Intercostal)
- Upper Extremity Regional Anesthesia and Cardiac Disease
- Brachial Plexus Block
- Lower Extremity Regional Anesthesia and Cardiac Disease
- Regional Anesthesia and Cardiac Surgery
- The Patient With Cardiac Disease Presenting For Noncardiac Surgery
- The Patient with Hypertension/Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
- The Patient with Ischemic Heart Disease
- The Patient with Valvular Heart Disease Regurgitant Valvular Disease
- Stenotic Valvular Disease
- The Adult Patient with Congenital Heart Disease
- Summary
- References
- Physiologic Changes Associated With Aging and Considerations for Regional Anesthesia/Analgesia
- Nervous System Function
- Cardiovascular Function
- Pulmonary Function
- Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Changes in the Elderly
- Multimodal Drug Therapy and the Elderly
- Physiology and the Perception of Pain in the Elderly and Clinical Implications
- Assessment of Pain in Older Cognitively Impaired Patients
- Considerations for the Use of Peripheral Regional and Neural Block in Elderly Patients
- Epidural Anesthesia and Analgesia
- Intrathecal Opioid Analgesia
- Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia Using Peripheral Nerve and Nerve Plexus Block
- Summary
- References
- Management of Acute Pain in Patient with Trauma
- The Role of Regional Anesthesia in Trauma
- Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks in Patients with Trauma
- Regional Analgesa in the Emergency Department and Prehospital Settings
- Specific Injuries: Hip Fractures
- Specific Injuries: Fractured Ribs
- Specific Injuries: Digital Replantation
- Regional Anesthesia for Shoulder Reduction
- Regional Anesthesia for Burns
- Acute Compartment Syndrome Considerations
- Summary
- References
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There are still glitches. The full screen icon is still not present on mine and the highlighter colors doesn’t show up, because what shows is “copy, look up, share” so I can’t highlight at all. The voice or narration toggle doesn’t also show, anymore. This is supposed to be user friendly, it’s not. The tutorial on how to navigate is informative but frustrating because the icons doesn’t show. I hope something can be done about it quickly, or else this intuitive interaction you claim is not worth it.
Awesome and unique content that you can find only here. I love the notes and voice function!
Love the detailed content. Accessing the material and logging in is a little cumbersome when trying to find the correct login area without running into the catalogue of other books or table of contents (even after bookmarking the page). The automatic pop-up (video, not an ad) at the bottom of the screen takes up more screen space than it is worth considering how much it is utilized.
Great book!
Very useful content!
Useful information and reference for my studies